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Liu Xiaobo () (born 28 December 1955)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Verdict Against Liu Xiaobo )〕 is a Chinese literary critic, writer, professor, and human rights activist who called for political reforms and the end of communist single-party rule. He is currently incarcerated as a political prisoner in Jinzhou, Liaoning.〔Frances Romero, (Top 10 Political Prisoners ), Time, 15 November 2010.〕〔Mark McDonald, (An inside look at China's most famous political prisoner ), New York Times, 23 July 2012.〕〔Congressional-Executive Commission on China, (Political Prisoner Database:Liu Xiaobo ).〕 Liu has served from 2003 to 2007 as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center. He was also the president of ''Minzhu Zhongguo'' (''Democratic China'') magazine since the mid-1990s. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained because of his participation with the ''Charter 08'' manifesto. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009 on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power".〔Benjamin Kang Lim, (China's top dissident arrested for subversion ), Reuters, 24 June 2009.〕〔"(刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕 )" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009.〕 He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009,〔 and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.〔 During his fourth prison term, he was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."〔McKinnon, Mark. ("Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he’d be the last to know" ). ''The Globe and Mail''. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. "I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the Tiananmen Mothers (a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations).."'〕 He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China. Liu is the third person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention, after Germany's Carl von Ossietzky (1935) and Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi (1991).〔Wachter, Paul (18 November 2010). ("Liu Xiaobo Isn't the First Nobel Laureate Barred From Accepting His Prize" ). AOL News〕 Liu is also the second person (the first being Ossietzky) to be denied the right to have a representative collect the Nobel prize for him. ==Early life and works== Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin, in 1955 to an intellectual family. In 1969, during the Down to the Countryside Movement, Liu's father took him to Horqin Right Front Banner, Inner Mongolia. After he finished middle school in 1974, he was sent to the countryside to work on a farm in Jilin. In 1977, Liu was admitted to the Department of Chinese Literature at Jilin University, where he created a poetry group known as "The Innocent Hearts" (''Chi Zi Xin'') with six schoolmates.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=赤子心诗社 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=pbs.org )〕 In 1982, he graduated with BA in literature before being admitted as a research student at the Department of Chinese Literature at Beijing Normal University, where he received an MA in literature in 1984 and started teaching as a lecturer thereafter. That year, he married Tao Li, with whom he had a son named Liu Tao in 1985. In 1986, Liu started his doctoral study program and published his literary critiques at various magazines. He became well known as a "dark horse" for his radical opinions and sharp comments on the official doctrines and establishments to shock both of the literary and ideological circles, thus termed as "Liu Xiaobo Shock" or "Liu Xiaobo Phenomenon". In 1987, his first book, ''Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Li Zehou'', was published and became a bestseller non-fiction.〔 It comprehensively criticised the Chinese tradition of Confucianism and posed a frank challenge to Li Zehou, a rising ideological star who had a strong influence on young intellectuals in China at the time.〔 In June 1988, he received a PhD in literature. His doctoral thesis, ''Aesthetic and Human Freedom'', passed the examination unanimously and was published as his second book. In the same year he became a lecturer at the same department. He soon became a visiting scholar at several universities, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo, and the University of Hawaii. He returned home as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests broke out. This year saw also the publication of his third book, ''The Fog of Metaphysics'', a comprehensive review on Western philosophies. Soon, all of his works were banned. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liu Xiaobo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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